History
For centuries, humanity’s way of addressing common vision loss was through the use of eyeglasses. Though this method can aid those with slight vision issues, a problem arises when attempting to aid severe vision impairments such as age-related macular degeneration. By exploring past discoveries in the fields of vision correction, retinal prosthesis, and neural stimulation, a better understanding of the principles behind OPTIC can be acquired.
Argus I ~ 2002
The first retinal prosthesis was Argus I, and would be implanted in 2002, utilizing a combination of electrode arrays along with image capturing through a miniature camera mounted on a pair of glasses. This concept built upon the perception of electrical stimulation using electrode arrays placed along the retina. These transmitted electrical signals from the camera to the remaining retinal cells were left. As a result, this allows for the ability to perceive basic shapes and outlines despite a damaged retina.
Argus II ~ 2011
Nearly 9 years later, Argus II would be created, allowing for easier implantation while also improving the visual resolution and visual field of its images for its users. This new device would first be implanted in 2007 during clinical trials held at the University of Southern California.
Implantable Miniature Telescope ~ 2012
In 2012, the implantable miniature telescope (IMT) was viewed as a potential solution for end-stage age-related macular degeneration (AMD). UCI Health surgeons became the first in Orange County to implant the device. Its overall aim was to improve central vision for age-related macular degeneration by creating magnified images for those affected.
Alpha IMS ~ 2013
Retina Implant Alpha IMS is a subretinal microchip implant which aims to restore partial vision in individuals with retinal degeneration. This would be achieved through the electrical stimulation in the inner retina by electrical currents provided in a microchip with 1,500 photodiode-amplifier-electrode units.
PRIMA System ~ 2021
The PRIMA Bionic Vision System is a wireless retinal implant that aims to restore partial vision in individuals with advanced dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) or geographic atrophy (GA) by electrically stimulating the inner retina and transmitting visual information to the brain.
Bionic Eye ~ 2023
The bionic eye is a surgically implanted device that aims to restore vision to people with severe retina damage by stimulating intact retinal cells with electrical signals. The brain then processes these electrical signals as pictures.
