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References

Paper Citations

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Abbott, Alison. "The quiet revolutionary: How the co-discovery of CRISPR-Cas9 explosively changed Emmanuelle Charpentier's life." Nature, 27 Apr. 2016, www.nature.com/news/the-quiet-revolutionary-how-the-co-discovery-of-CRISPR-Cas9-explosively-changed-emmanuelle-charpentier-s-life-1.19814.  

 

Allen, Theresa M., and Pieter R. Cullis. "Liposomal drug delivery systems: From

concept to clinical applications." PDF file, 20 Sept. 2012.

 

Bier, Dan. "Why Don't Vaccines Work as Well in Poor Countries?" Freethink, 1 June 2018, www.freethink.com/articles/why-dont-vaccines-work-as-well-in-poor-countries.  

 

Bloom, Kristie, et al. "Gene Therapy for Chronic HBV—Can We Eliminate cccDNA?" Genes, vol. 9, no. 4, 2018, p. 207, doi:10.3390/genes9040207.  

 

Davis, Ed. "Genome Editing: Which Should I Choose, TALEN or CRISPR-Cas9?" Gene Copoeia, 2014, www.genecopoeia.com/resource/genome-editing-talen-or-CRISPR-Cas9/.  

 

Dong, Yizhou, et al. "A non-viral CRISPR-Cas9/ delivery system for therapeutically targeting HBV DNA and pcsk9 in vivo." Nature, doi:10.1038/cr.2017.16.  

 

E-mail interview. 23 Jan. 2019.


E-mail interview. 23 Jan. 2019.

 

Finn, Jonathan D., et al. "A Single Administration of CRISPR-Cas9/ Lipid Nanoparticles Achieves Robust and Persistent In Vivo Genome Editing." Cell Reports, vol. 22, no. 9, 27 Feb. 2018, pp. 2227-35. ScienceDirect, doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2018.02.014.

 

"Genome Editing." National Human Genome Research Institute, 3 Aug. 2017, www.genome.gov/27569223/how-does-genome-editing-work/.

 

Haridy, Rich. "Move over , there's a new and more accurate CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing enzyme in town." New Atlas, 5 Aug. 2018, newatlas.com/CRISPR-Cas9-gene-editing-accuracy-safety-cas12a/55767/.

 

“Hepatitis B Facts and Figures.”, Hepatitis B Foundation, http://www.hepb.org/what-is-hepatitis-b/what-is-hepb/facts-and-figures/.

 

"Herbert Boyer (1936-) and Stanley N. Cohen (1935-) develop recombinant DNA technology, showing that genetically engineered DNA molecules may be cloned in foreign cells." Genome News Network, www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/timeline/1973_Boyer.php.

 

Huang, Yuanyu. "Preclinical and Clinical Advances of GalNAc-Decorated Nucleic Acid Therapeutics." Molecular Therapy — Nucleic Acids. National Center for Biotechnology Information, doi:10.1016/j.omtn.2016.12.003.

 

Lino, Christopher A., et al. "Delivering CRISPR-Cas9: a review of the challenges and approaches." Taylor Francis Online, 25 May 2018, www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10717544.2018.1474964.

 

Pak, Ekaterina. "CRISPR-Cas9: A game-changing genetic engineering technique." Science in the News, 31 July 2014, sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2014/CRISPR-Cas9-a-game-changing-genetic-engineering-technique/.

 

Rouet, Romain, et al. "Receptor-Mediated Delivery of CRISPR-Cas9- Endonuclease for Cell-Type-Specific Gene Editing." Journal of the American Chemical Society. National Center for Biotechnology Information, doi:10.1021/jacs.8b01551.

 

Sanders, Robert. "Discovery helps engineer more accurate s for CRISPR-Cas9 editing." Berkeley News, 20 Sept. 2017.

 

Smith, Belinda. "If CRISPR-Cas9 is so amazing, why can't we edit human genes yet?" ABC News. ABC, www.abc.net.au/news/science/2017-12-13/CRISPR-Cas9-cas9-gene-editing-more-accurate-and-safer/9185320.

 

"Vaccines in poorest countries far too expensive." Health 24, www.health24.com/Medical/Childhood-diseases/Vaccinations/Vaccines-in-poorest-countries-far-too-expensive-20150122.

 

Yang, Tian, and Meng-chao Wu. "Discrimination against hepatitis B carriers in China." The Lancet, vol. 378, no. 9796, 17 Sept. 2011, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61460-8.

 

Zhang, J., et al. "HBc binds to the CpG islands of HBV cccDNA and promotes an epigenetic permissive state." National Center for Biotechnology Information, 6 June 2011, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21546797.

 

"Zinc Finger Nucleases." Gene Therapy Net, www.genetherapynet.com/gene-editing-tools/zinc-finger-nuclease.html.



 

Image Citations

 

3-Figure1-1. Amazon Web Server, ai2-s2-public.s3.amazonaws.com/figures/
     2017-08-08/7780d2ed3270422c0fa02afabba68338de96bd2c/3-Figure1-1.png.
     Accessed 25 Mar. 2019.

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An injection of a pharmaceutical drug. BioSpectrum, www.biospectrumindia.com/.  Accessed 25 Mar. 2019.

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"BLAST." BLAST, blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi. Accessed 28 Mar. 2019.

 

Conway, Barbara R. "Figure 3." Research Gate, www.researchgate.net/figure/

        Structure-of-solid-lipid-nanoparticle-8_fig3_268804347.  

 

Corn, Jacob. "CRISPR/Cas9 Multi-Format Custom Model." 3D Molecular Designs,

        www.3dmoleculardesigns.com/Custom-3D-Print-Molecular-Models/CRISPR-Cas9.htm.

 

"CRISPR-Cas9." addgene, www.addgene.org/crispr/guide/. Accessed 25 Jan. 2019.

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"CRISPR Guide." AddGene, www.addgene.org/crispr/guide/. Accessed 28 Mar. 2019.

 

"Designer Babies: The Science and Ethics of Genetic Engineering." YouTube,
     uploaded by The Friendly Brain, 15 Aug. 2018, www.youtube.com/
     watch?v=k1a2larfMIA. Accessed 25 Mar. 2019.

 

End the Stigma. End the Stigma, endthestigma.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/
     end-the-stigma-logo-stacked.png. Accessed 25 Mar. 2019.

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F4. Genetics, www.genetics.org/content/genetics/188/4/773/F4.large.jpg. Accessed
     25 Mar. 2019.

 

"Figure 2." Molecular Diversity Preservation International, 6 Feb. 2017,

        www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/6/1/5/htm.   

 

"HBV: Epidemiology, Clinical Features, and Investigations." Daily Med Fact, 26

        Mar. 2018, dailymedfact.com/

        Hbv-epidemiology-clinical-features-and-investigations

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Homologous Recombination. Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
     Homologous_recombination. Accessed 25 Mar. 2019.

 

How CRISPR Works. Cambridge, www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-file-manager/
     file/582df76221b559de0536a2c2/CRISPR-1.jpg. Accessed 25 Mar. 2019.

 

"N-Acetylgalactosamine or GalNAc." Biosynthesis, www.biosyn.com/tew/

    N-acetylgalactosamine-or-GalNAc.aspx. Accessed 25 Jan. 2019.

 

Poverty and Health. Haiku Deck, img.haikudeck.com/mg/
     376CE6F8-38FD-4DF0-B965-D0DEF8419391.jpg. Accessed 25 Mar. 2019.

 

Scientist inspecting DNA strand. Verdict, 16 July 2018, www.verdict.co.uk/gene-editing-roadblock-emerges-as-crispr-cas9-genome-damage-

     found/. Accessed 25 Mar. 2019.

 

Stanley Cohen. Science History, www.sciencehistory.org/sites/default/files/
     styles/rte_full_width/public/cohen-large-profile_2.jpg?itok=ihMVEUTO.
     Accessed 25 Mar. 2019.

 

Stigma. SN Webcast Center, events.snwebcastcenter.com/manulife/GBRS/Prod/WSMH/
     common/img/featured-videos_image2.jpg. Accessed 25 Mar. 2019.

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"Synthego." Synthego, design.synthego.com/. Accessed 28 Mar. 2019.

 

"The Life Cycle of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)." National Center for Biotechnology

    Information, 2 Nov. 2015, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/

    PMC4661809/. Accessed 25 Jan. 2019.

 

Wearable Tech as Medical Devices Revolutionize Healthcare. 5W Public Relations,
     www.5wpr.com/new/healthcare-marketing/. Accessed 25 Mar. 2019.

 

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Video Citations

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Baby Mother Newborn. Irish Central, www.irishcentral.com/uploads/article/129044/
     cropped_Baby_mother_newborn_getty.jpg?t=1540119972. Accessed 26 Mar. 2019.

           

Bandage Strip. Clipart, clipartpng.com/?344,bandage-strip-png-clipart. Accessed
     26 Mar. 2019.

 

Baraclude. Rx Zone, rxzone.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/322215.jpg. Accessed
     26 Mar. 2019.

 

A black and white drawing of a female. Pinterest, i.pinimg.com/originals/07/48/
     8d/07488d83c73d58b0d09e2a8d33309ae3.png. Accessed 26 Mar. 2019.

 

Black and White Image of Male. Kisspng, www.kisspng.com/
     png-unisex-public-toilet-bathroom-male-1416416/. Accessed 26 Mar. 2019.

 

A cartoon of a cigarette. Shutterstock, www.shutterstock.com/search/
     cigarette+cartoon. Accessed 26 Mar. 2019.

 

Cipla Hepatitis B Vaccine. Asian Scientist, www.asianscientist.com/wp-content/
     uploads/bfi_thumb/Cipla-Hep-B-vaccine-33c1e9oqd734pgirypi60w.jpg. Accessed
     26 Mar. 2019.

 

Clinical Outcome of Chronic HbV Infection. SlidePlayer, slideplayer.com/slide/
     5858546/

 

CRISPR Diagram. BMJ Journals, ep.bmj.com/content/edpract/101/4/213/F1.large.jpg.
     Accessed 26 Mar. 2019.

 

Dumbell. iStock, media.istockphoto.com/vectors/
     flat-dumbbell-icon-vector-id501279419?k=6&m=501279419&s=612x612&w=0&h=LLo937VMhto
     VafHBl--zhqmSv1zcOU7oPfSDffaE4Pc=. Accessed 26 Mar. 2019.

 

HBV International Meeting. HBV Meeting, www.hbvmeeting.org/. Accessed 26 Mar.
     2019.

 

HBV Particle. Pharmaceutical Journal, www.pharmaceutical-journal.com/Pictures/
     580xAny/6/0/2/1073602_hepatitis-b-virus-tem-spl-17.jpg. Accessed 26 Mar.
     2019.

 

Liver. Wikimedia, upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Liver.svg/
     2000px-Liver.svg.png. Accessed 26 Mar. 2019.

 

Liver Operation Puzzle. Shutterstock, image.shutterstock.com/image-illustration/
     liver-operation-puzzle-concept-hands-260nw-289976045.jpg. Accessed 26 Mar.
     2019.

 

Pills. Clipart, clipart-library.com/img/944086.png.

 

Protecting Yourself from Blood and Bodily Fluids. Safety Management Group,
     safetymanagementgroup.com/protecting-yourself-from-blood-and-bodily-fluids/.
     Accessed 26 Mar. 2019.

 

Scientist inspecting DNA strand. Verdict, 16 July 2018, www.verdict.co.uk/
     gene-editing-roadblock-emerges-as-crispr-cas9-genome-damage-found/.
     Accessed 25 Mar. 2019.

 

Skull and Crossbones. 123RF, www.123rf.com/clipart-vector/
     skull_crossbones.html?sti=lx2ya3iyt5y0mu77o9%7C. Accessed 26 Mar. 2019.

 

Social Network Clipart. Pinterest, i.pinimg.com/originals/5f/26/fb/
     5f26fb23871a37d558b5d06700340444.jpg. Accessed 26 Mar. 2019.

 

Stopwatch or Timer. 123RF, us.123rf.com/450wm/martialred/martialred1512/
     martialred151200057/
     49796812-stock-vector-stopwatch-timer-flat-icon-for-apps-and-websites.jpg?ver=6.
     Accessed 26 Mar. 2019.

 

Vaccine-Vial-And-Needle. Walking Times Media, wakingtimesmedia.com/
     thousands-damaged-shingles-vaccine-trying-sue-merck/vaccine-vial-and-needle-1/.
     Accessed 26 Mar. 2019.

 

Viread. Drug Hut, drughut.net/products/viread-1. Accessed 26 Mar. 2019.

 

Virus Replication. dr282zn36sxxg.cloudfront.net/datastreams/
     f-d%3A54f8bf667983b13b61a92fde8d9c9f2057c969c50359594dc51e4b9e%2BIMAGE_TINY%2BIMA
     GE_TINY.1. Accessed 25 Mar. 2019.

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